Accounting Theory Management

Questions: Jimmy is the central bookkeeper at attire retailer King Ltd and has been in this job for around 10 years. Lord has a June multi year end and Jimmy is settling the year end accounts. In settling the stock valuation Jimmy has a conversation with the distribution center administrator. Jimmy is educated regarding the presence of a lot of moderate moving stock. A closer review of the stock uncovers that it is ten months old and would regularly have been recorded a while before if typical technique had been followed. Jimmy chooses to catch up the issue of the stock valuation with the overseeing executive Peter Gladstone. It is notable inside the organization that Peter is additionally a key investor of King. Jimmy is dubious that Peter may have given a mandate to keep up stock qualities. Diminish educates Jimmy that there is no compelling reason to record the stock in the year end accounts. Jimmy suspects, notwithstanding, that Peter needs the asset report to convey swelled stock qualities since he needs to sell King on terms profitable to the investors. Subside proceeds to reveal to Jimmy that he knows about a potential purchaser who is hoping to infuse capital into the business and that in the event that the deal continues, at that point all representatives will clutch their occupations and that Jimmy will get a generous boost in salary. Required: a) Define the regularizing moral points of view of teleology and deontology. b) From a moral self seeker point of view, what might be a suitable strategy for Jimmy? Legitimize your decision. c) Would your response to b) be unique if Jimmy sought after utilitarianism? Legitimize your position. d) Advise Jimmy of a suitable strategy from a deontological moral point of view. Blueprint why it depends on deontological morals. Answers: Review The chose news story, for example https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-03/nsw-bookkeeper dealing with extortion indictments/7137160 (Refer to Appendix) centers to a great extent around the misrepresentation charges that were presented against a bookkeeper named Nicholas James Ellis of Lake Macquarie in New South Wales. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) charged 44 years of age Nicholas James Ellis, with a claim of misusing a great many dollars. It was additionally clear through examination that he had submitted such offenses of fakeness even previously and that too around multiple times, for which he needed to show up before the Downing Center Local Court. Lion's share of those cases identified with the deceptive explanations, which he had made in regards to his past speculations (Wakatama, 2016). ASIC made the claims against Ellis as referenced in this news story was that he was engaged with a misrepresentation of abusing around $857,000from the assets of the innovator during the residency of his directorship from March 2009 to June 2010. It was likewise been examined that he had used the cash for his own advantages, for example, buying a home of $3 million. He had likewise washed $250,000in paying off to the financial specialists of his past bombed venture, which he used to run actually. Every one of these charges independently can punish him for at least 5 years up to a most extreme degree of 10 years of detainment. Besides, in the year 2013, he was likewise been precluded from offering money related administrations for a long time (Wakatama, 2016). Significant Accounting Issues The moral issue of money related bookkeeping is the principal conclusive viewpoint prominent in this specific case identifying with Ellis. The area of moral worry that is clear on account of Ellis is the Misappropriation of Assets, which implies the bookkeeper (for example Ellis) has been utilizing the advantages of the organization for his own advantages. In moral ideas, it can likewise be expressed as a misappropriation of the companys reserves/resources for individual advantages that generally influences the partners (Freedman, 2016). Another critical issue that can be found for the situation as introduced in the news story is the creation of deceiving and bogus articulations, which is viewed as a piece of the respectability related issue of bookkeeping laws. As indicated by this issue, the expert bookkeepers related with the corporate areas should be very much aware of the honesty of their position and the way they have to introduce their dealings in reality. The preeminent viewp oint that the bookkeeper needs to comprehend is the terms of honesty, which include the should be honest, legit and clear in dealing with their expert connections. They likewise need to keep up genuineness in offering expressions in regards to the budgetary issues, so the reports just as the other money related records are introduced to the partners of the separate organization with most extreme precision. Need polished skill is likewise a significant issue that can be gathered from the instance of Ellis as gave in the news story (IFAC, 2006). Bookkeeping Theories Bookkeeping hypotheses allude to the consistent translations just as avocations with the help of different standards, which are not just for the assessment and for management of the bookkeeping rehearses, yet additionally for its turn of events and advancement over the long haul. The standards, customs and methodology on which the bookkeeping hypotheses are executed are really the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), which has its individual legitimate thinking. The bookkeeping hypotheses can be arranged under different heads in particular, Descriptive Theory, Deductive Accounting Theory, Evaluative Accounting Theory and Generally Accepted Theories among the most significant ones (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004). The hypothesis that relates with the offenses of Ellis as introduced in the news story can be assessed with the assistance of the Inductive Accounting Theory, as it for the most part features the recently happened occasions inside an association as for the bookkeeping view points. For the situation gave, it very well may be discovered that Ellis is charged for the moral offenses, which he submitted in the past for which he is at risk to be punished (Wakatama, 2016). Use of the Accounting Issue and Theories with the Case The Misappropriation of Assets is an exceptionally huge moral issue of bookkeeping law, which is evident from the instance of Ellis as introduced in the news story. According to the article, Ellis pulled back cash from the financial specialists reserves and utilized for his own needs of paying a house and taking care of his own obligations. In both the cases, Nicholas James Ellis had submitted offense of Misappropriation of Assets for which he is subject for suitable disciplines just as punishments for remuneration. The infringement of moral laws of bookkeeping has brutal punishments, as it will in general influence an enormous gathering of individuals monetarily (Freedman, 2016; Wakatama, 2016). Another offense that he submitted was offering deluding and bogus expressions in the past with respect to his past ventures. This offense is probably going to have caused issues of incorrectness in the authoritative reports, which likewise attests him to be subject for punishments as remuner ation. This is an issue identified with his own respectability as an expert bookkeeper just as that of the association in general. This likewise hampers demonstrable skill according to the bookkeeping laws, which is additionally an intense issue as portrayed in the news story of Ellis (Wakatama, 2016; IFAC, 2006). Synopsis From the general conversation, consequently, it is obvious from the news story on Ellis that he, being an expert bookkeeper had nor clung to the moral contemplations of the bookkeeping laws and was thus at risk for money related punishments just as disciplines for around 23 cases previously. In particular, he was charged by ASIC on the ongoing instance of Misappropriation of Assets, which has been plainly clarified in the above conversation with the assistance of important bookkeeping hypotheses just as the significant bookkeeping issues. The sensible translations and legitimizations of the issues with connection to the offenses of Ellis additionally plainly portrays the correct comprehension of the feasibility of the discipline too punishment that he is accused of for his exploitative offenses in the field of bookkeeping. References FASB. (2005). Proposed proclamation of money related bookkeeping guidelines on business blends record reference 1204-001. EMC, 1-2. FASB. (2005). FASB presentation draft, proposed explanation of monetary bookkeeping norms, business mixes, a substitution of FASB proclamation no. 141. Document Reference: 1204-001, 1-5. FASB. (2005). R.K. Organization. Record Reference: 1204-001, 1. FASB. (2005). Pooling versus Aquisition representing consolidated cooperatives. Document Reference 1204-00 J, 1. Freedman, J. (2016). What is a moral issue in budgetary bookkeeping? Recovered June 01, 2016, Guerin, K. (2003). Empowering quality guideline: speculations and devices. New Zealand Treasury Working Paper, 1-20. IFAC. (2006). Code of morals for proficient bookkeepers. Morals, 1104-1213. Posner, R. A. (1974). Speculations of financial guideline. Working Paper, 1-44. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2004). Bookkeeping hypothesis. Boston: Cengage Learning EMEA. Wakatama, G. (2016). NSW bookkeeper dealing with misrepresentation indictments. Recovered June 01, 2016, Williams, K. (2005). FASB, IASB distribute joint recommendations on business mixes. Streetwise, 19.

Foregin Policy Essay Research Paper Foreign PolicyWith free essay sample

Foregin Policy Essay, Research Paper International strategy With the universe equilibrating on the fringe of demolition, remote connections are exceptionally of import to the United States of America. The United States is without limit perceived as the most impressive state on Earth, and with that force comes a unequivocal feeling of obligation. The U.S. requirements to pay close taking care of this obligation on the off chance that it would like to keep up its topographic point on the seat as male ruler of the states. This is where the United States international strategy comes into dramatization. International strategy is fundamentally positive or negative cooperation with different expresses each piece great as the finishes and decides that are incorporated. The United States have a couple of picks refering their place ; they could play the part of universe pioneer or the segment of universe solitary wolf. Let # 8217 ; s articulation at the perspective of a mean school student whose comprehension of universe individual businesss is somewhat absent thus talk the potential places the United States can take in regards to their topographic point known to man. I will other than movement over an outline of each and get an appreciation of what our specialists # 8217 ; s two ideological groups, the Democrats and the Republicans, state about these. The central expectation of each state international strategy is to last and stay stable in today # 8217 ; s universe. It is strategy that gives a solid national security, keep up a decent financial framework with different states, and it is a chance to flexibly impact in the universe ; yet over this is the privation for worldwide harmony. One of the main ways to continue great international strategy is that of conciliatory exchanges, where states arrange and by means of media occupations they may hold so as to obtain along. By these conciliatory dealingss, states can collaborate with each other and larn to cooperate for a superior anxiety of every others states. Another technique for international strategy is that of being a solitary wolf or independent. Noninterference is simply the idea that we keep and our ain western side of the equator rather than adventure into the individual businesss of the eastern universe. This was generally the perceived position taken by the United States up until about the principal universe war when President Woodrow Wilson chose to drench into the war endeavor. At that point a peacekeeping affiliation came roughly called the League of Nations, which Wilson recommended, yet the United States Senate gave it a house # 8220 ; no # 8221 ; . This kept the United States in its solitary wolf area one time again. Some mature ages in this way the United States entered a time of animating refering gaining making the rounds known to mankind. We traveled into a clasp of Internationalism after the second universe war yet it was numerous previous occasions that hinted at this, unconventionally our communication with Latin America. A while ago when the United States was only hindering off from Britain and get bringing down as a state, President James Monroe concocted an announcement called the Monroe Doctrine. In 1823 he composed this, expressing European states to keep up their olfactory organs in their ain half of the globe. What Monroe didn # 8217 ; t cognize was that he was set uping a starting to a main obligation in non simply the Western half of the globe, be that as it may, in the full universe. The United States started dwelling up for states, for example, Mexico what's more, Puerto Rico, and right away engaged in grouped other Latin American states. In reality, the United States got included multiple times from 1904 to 1934, so again in the individual businesss of Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, and the annihilation of the collectivist specialists of Brazil after the second universe war. It was during the start of World War II that the United States started to gain progressively included. From the start the United States attempted to keep up to itself and stay out of the battle. Be that as it may, when Germany, Japan, and Italy attempted to spread out forcibly into China, Ethiopia, Poland, Austria, and present twenty-four hours Czech Republic, Britain and France pronounced war on Hitler, and the United States did nil. It wasn # 8217 ; t until that deadly twenty-four hours of December 7 of every 1941 when the United States had bounty. Pearl Harbor was assaulted and Americans passed on, which was more than bounty for us to get down our trek into Internationalism and mediation. After World War II, the United States started its excursion as universe pioneer. It was currently cut for America to help different states remake and start its scorn of Communism. George Marshall, an Army General for the United States thought of the Marshall Plan, one that would gracefully broadened help for different states in Europe by providing advances for financial recuperation. Along these lines America dove itself into a war with North Korea to secure its neighboring South Korea, this was conceivable through the United Nations Security Council and albeit numerous Americans lost their lives, we made a bond with the South Koreans. The accompanying arrangement of outside help came when John F. Kennedy was President. Kennedy non simply started the assuagement power called the Green Berets to end socialism, however close to attacked Cuba and represented the request of war with Russia. At that point came one of the greatest mediations in Americas history of international strategy. In the late 1950 # 8217 ; s the United States, under John F. Kennedy sent 16,000 American military # 8220 ; counselors # 8221 ; to Vietnam. The southern based majority rule government of Vietnam was in hopeless interest of help against the Viet Cong, which was the Communist subsidized North Vietnamese. This was actually the start of two wars. The primary was a fight between Vietnamese loyalists and the Gallic pilgrim government which was helped by the US at the clasp. During this second war the United States stepped in to take the /gt ; topographic purpose of France against the northern based Communists and the southern insurrectionists. The US felt it needed to secure required to end this Communist surge, in the event that it were to go on that the Communists won, we believed that the # 8220 ; Domino hypothesis # 8221 ; would go into influence. Essentially what this hypothesis said was, that on the off chance that one southeasterly state were to tumble to the Communists the rest of follow like dominoes. After Kennedy was killed Lyndon B. Johnson ventured into the capacity of Vietnamese safeguard and current Communist revile. He expanded the United States military staffs and began a program to bomb the North Vietnam nation. During the class of the war Johnson depended, as it were, on the utilization of Selective Service, the drafting of Americans into the military, to coordinate for help. This help was in vain however, bow in January of 1973, a peace negotiation was marked in Vietnam and the United States pulled back their military faculties and commitment as Vietnam was taken over by the northern Communist specialists. Americans presently started a progression of distrust sing remote dealingss that wound up in war. A few Americans were non extremely upbeat about the United States obtaining engaged with different states # 8217 ; common wars, yet there were some that vibe as I do ; that we were helping to set and stop to Communist control known to man. Despite the fact that we were ineffective in the curious instance of Vietnam, I feel that the United States should take on the capacity as universe safeguard. I accept that the United States ought to quite play the part of universe protector at whatever point and at every possible opportunity. To start with, I was essentially for the United States being Isolationist, however as clasp advanced I concluded this is the solitary way that our state can travel. The United States is the most impressive state on Earth, both monetarily and militarily, this is an announcement scarcely anybody can deny. The way that we are the most remarkable state only says that we should take undertaking, and steer the universe towards harmony. It is an obligation that the United States needs to different states known to man. The ground for this is straightforward. Not only does taking the undertaking of universe pioneer show the way that we have power however adjacent to different things. By refering ourselves with different states individual businesss we can do Alliess that will be useful for the great beyond. Conceded some articulation at this as housing our olfactory organ in different states concern, however I wear # 8217 ; t articulation at it that way. I see it like this, there will ever be those that are feeble known to mankind and there will ever be the solid, henceforth I feel those that are in power and are solid, should stop up for these states, and permit them cognize that they do hold another person known to mankind that cares. By influencing ourselves as universe constabulary maybe, we other than gain power in the method of making our part of helping others. Since I have proposed my opinion, it is of import that we see what our national head and our specialists state about international strategy. Lashkar-e-taibas take a concise articulation at the Clinton removal in the course of the last term. Many state that by and enormous Bill Clintons # 8217 ; international strategy for his first term is inert and responsive. Driving Republicans state that the Clinton removal was a remote arrangement of wish satisfaction and that it needed China to regard their kin and their privileges, for Bosnia to be one state one time more, Hussein to be cowed, and North Korea to be entirely freed of nuclear weaponries. This mindful and covetous assault to remote strategy made a few Americans rather resentful ; it is non like the United States non to keep up an dynamic capacity known to mankind. Clinton feels that he is making a decent occupation however, and likes to be effectively included as a universe con

Jude the Obscure and Social Darwinism Essay -- Jude Obscure

Jude the Obscure and Social Darwinismâ â Â Â â â Jude the Obscure is to be sure an exercise in remorselessness and despair; the unavoidable results of Social Darwinism. The principle characters of the book are constrained by destiny's convincing arm of remarkable strong power(1), feebly opposing the impact of their own sexuality, and of society and nature around them. Â Jude's reality is one in which just the fittest endure, and he is plainly not prepared to number among the fittest. With regards to the solid Darwinian propensities that go through the book, a sort of common choice guarantees that Jude's posterity don't make due to multiply either. Their passing by murder and self destruction is nevertheless one of numerous terrible examples of pitilessness in the novel, and there are various others, (for example, the coldblooded disclosure that Latin isn't just decodable into English, which breaks Jude's credulous demands about discovering that language; and Jude's dismissed application for college entrance, without having the chance to be tried; and Sue's inversion of every one of her goals and choices upon the demise of her youngsters, which she sees as a type of heavenly notice, and her ensuing come back to Phillotson, to give some examples). Â Strong's perspective on this remorselessness is connected with a dismal incongruity that is clear in Jude's demise scene. While the celebration festivities of the world outside proceed in absent mirth, Jude himself cites dreary verse: Â Let the day die wherein I was conceived, and the night wherein it was stated, There is a man kid considered. (Hurrah!)(2) Â This unexpected remark on life's remorselessness proceeds at Jude's burial service; Jude's desires to college training were rarely acknowledged, yet as ... ...s; they are helpless before the impassive powers that control their conduct and their relations with others(5). This control by destiny, and the subsequent difference between human objectives and what is really accomplished, imply that the exercise instructed in Jude the Obscure is especially one of the pitilessness of nature and society. Â End Notes: (1) Hardy, Thomas, Jude the Obscure, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985, p. 41 (I.- vii). (2) Ibid., p. 426 (VI.- xi). (3) Ibid., p. 430 (VI.- xi). (4) Ibid., p. 65 (I.- x). (5) Abrams, M. H., ed., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, sixth ed., Vol. 2., Norton, New York, 1993, p. 1692. List of sources: Abrams, M. H., ed., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, sixth ed., Vol. 2., Norton, New York, 1993. Solid, Thomas, Jude the Obscure, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985. Â Â

The Millennium Dome †a Report - Free Essay Example

The Millennium Dome – a Report Introduction This Report traces the history of the London Millennium from its origins as a signature statement with which England proposed to enter the 21st century, through the controversies that dogged its construction, financing, opening and operations during the year 2000, to its re-birth as the O2 entertainment complex in 2007. The central conclusion that is supported by the Report is that less than three years into its 1997 renaissance as a London entertainment destination, the controversy and the apparent mismanagement of numerous aspects of the Millennium Domes operations have been successfully cast aside. The negative public image that was the subject of numerous media and academic commentaries concerning the Dome operations have been overcome by the generally positive reviews enjoyed by the O2 venue. The Report is constructed upon the following framework. The initial portion of the Report reviews the history of the Millennium Dome project and the significant controversies that were generated at every stage of its existence through the conclusion on the millennial celebrations in 2000. The ‘rebranding of the Dome as the O2 entertainment complex is also considered and discussed. In this context an unscientific but topical poll result that suggests a significantly favourable public opinion of the O2 facility is also evaluated. A sampling of nine perspectives taken from various published sources concerning the Millennium Dome / O2 complex is provided in the Report. The sources referenced are intended as a representative sample as opposed to an exhaustive listing of the available commentaries; the published academic opinions concerning the controversies encountered by the Dome operators prior to the opening of the facility alone exceed twenty in number. The literature surv ey is used to provide a critical assessment of the costs, benefits and risks attendant to the Dome project. This Report concludes with the observation that a difficult birth and troubled adolescence have given way to a mature London facility that will be an economically viable and culturally desirable venue for the future. The Origins and Birth of the Millennium Dome The Millennium Dome project enjoys the distinction of having been conceived under a Conservative government and raised to its full extent by New Labour. It is submitted that no matter what political perspective is taken on the entire process, there was at all times a genuine political will to make a unique British statement about the country and its attitude towards the approaching millennium (McGuigan, 2004; Myddleton, 2006). The Dome is located on the edge of the Prime Meridian. The architecture is both imposing and unique; often described as ‘iconic in appearance, the Dome has a 80,000 m2 glass fibre surface coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) that renders it one of the few man-made structures that is sufficiently large that it may be observed from space (Sinclair, 1999; Roche, 2000; Myddleton, 74-90) A chief difficulty that plagued the Dome concept and project from the outset was the failure of the government generally to solicit grounded, objective, and prope rly developed costing estimates for the project construction. These errors were compounded when the focus switched from how the building would look upon completion to the actual day to day operation of the facility during the millennial year, and what would happen to the structure once the millennium had passed (Sinclair, 10; Myddleton, 74; Nutt, 2002). The original construction cost projections for the entire Dome were pegged at approximately  £300 million. By the time the Dome officially opened on December 31, 1999, the construction and facility costs had risen to over  £600 million. A lightening rod in the ever widening public debate concerning project costs was the use of national lottery revenues to supplement the monies needed to complete the project. The Labour government spent an estimated additional  £175 million to keep the project solvent (Nutt, 3; National Audit, 2004). A particularly trenchant criticism was published by Iain Sinclair just prior to the commen cement of the millennial celebrations in the fall of 1999. Sinclair suggested in a fashion that was subsequently proven to be prescient, that the initial excitement over the Dome and its striking appearance would never justify the amount of public money expended on the project (Sinclair, 1999). Concerns over ticket prices, the quality of the exhibits assembled in the Domes public halls and an opening night ticket fiasco all contributed an image of a facility that was poorly conceived and badly managed. The government based its revenue projections on the Dome for the one year of operations through the millennial celebrations on an estimated 12 million visitors. The actual attendance during 2000 was slightly in excess of 6 million persons; perhaps as few as 4.5 million actually paid a fee approaching the face value of  £25 per person (Nutt, 4). The Dome was largely regarded, both figuratively and in reference to its colour, as a ‘white elephant that symbolised both governme nt mismanagement of a megaproject and a lost opportunity to make a positive difference to the London infrastructure (Myddleton, 80). Two decidedly unglamorous but telling positive public benefits were derived from the Dome construction project. The first was the construction of the North Greenwich Underground station (located on the Jubilee Line). The station represents a permanent addition to Londons Underground network (Roche, 2000). The second is more esoteric but perhaps as important to the study of waste water as the new Tube station was to Londons transportation network. The public authority Thames Water devised its ‘Watercycle project to utilise reclaimed (i.e. waste water) at the site for all non-potable water uses. Thames Water constructed one of the largest ever in-building water recycling schemes in Europe for the Dome, where up to 500 m3 per day of reclaimed water was used to operate toilets and urinals (Hills, Birks McKenzie, 2002, 235). Thames Water made two important determinations in the ‘Watercycle project it could meet 55 percent of the Dome water demand at the Dome with reclaimed water; there was a generally positive response from visitors concerning the use of reclaimed water for non-drinking and bathing uses. The Dome thus made a positive contribution to modern urban planning and water use science (Hills et al, 240) It is plain that money issues and the perception that the Dome was a public works failure continued after the millennium celebrations concluded at the end of 2000. A variety of schemes were proposed for the permanent use of the facility. These included the installation of a full football stadium and supporting commercial uses; a high technology business park and related infrastructure; a hotel and cruise ship port; a large scale casino; an entertainment complex (Myddleton, 81). None was able to generate the critical commercial necessary to move forward until the May 2005 purchase of the site by Anschutz Ente rtainment, who subsequently sold the naming rights to the entire property to telecommunications giant O2. The Anschutz purchase was also controversial. Serious allegations were raised in both the House of Commons and the media that Labour cabinet minister John Prescott had improperly involved himself in the negotiations. The primary suggestion of impropriety centred on Prescotts series of private meetings with the proposed purchaser (who initially sought permission to develop a super-casino), including a trip to the purchasers home in Colorado (Guardian, 2006). Literature review The sample of literature selected in support of this Report is deliberately wide ranging, as an acknowledgement that the problems encountered throughout the history of the Millennium Dome project and its more recent success are not attributable to a single cause or factor. It is submitted that the management of the original Dome project both at the government end and on the ground was flawed. There is an unmistakable sense that both of these stakeholders were caught up in the belief that the buoyant Britain that was riding on the benefits of a relatively robust economy and enhanced international status would embrace the Millennium project and support it unreservedly as a matter of national pride. There were parallels drawn between the national attitudes observed at the time of the 1951 ‘Festival of Britain, an event staged as the country accepted its new post-imperial construction, and the so-called ‘cool Britannia image that was advanced as an appropriate reflection of the new Britain by the government, an image that was said to be furthered by the Dome project (Sinclair, 1999;); McGuigan described the structure and the project as an â€Å"†¦ideological shell for neo-liberalism† (2004, 12) A point that is well made in the academic literature but one that was overlooked in the contemporary criticisms of the project was that visitors generally enjoyed their experiences at the Dome. Hemmington and his colleagues used a large data sampling (880 interviews) to form their conclusion that the Dome visitors surveyed found many positives on which to state their opinions; the commentary stresses again how the Dome management failed to capitalize at the time on the feedback available to them to better publicise the facility (Hemmington et al, 2005, 10). The Myddleton article is particularly insightful in this respect. Myddleton avoids the limitations of political bias and partisan fault finding in his emphasis upon the good intentions t hat inevitably power government mega projects of all kinds. Myddletons review of the Dome project in the larger context of the Channel Tunnel, the British nuclear power programme and the development of the Concorde reveals that mismanagement and poor lines of authority are a far more common cause of mega project failure than any deliberate or willful act on the part of the government promoter of the day (Myddleton, 2006). Nutt, writing from an American perspective, supports this contention. Nutt uses the now infamous Tony Blair pronouncement that the Dome would represent a â€Å"triumph of confidence over cynicism, boldness over blandness† to counterpoint his argument that a series of blunders as opposed to intentional acts doomed the Dome to insolvency (Nutt, 4,5). Cost Benefit analysis and future uses On a strict expenditure basis limited to the site and facilities themselves it is submitted that the Millennium Dome project is difficult to rationalise. The financial experts retained to oversee the liquidation of the project assets noted that it is extremely unusual for a public sector company to be the subject of a winding-up. A lottery grant of  £628 million was used to finance the project; little was realised from the sale of exhibits or supporting aspects of the project (National Audit, 2). Given that the Dome was ultimately sold to a private commercial entity, the argument is there to be made that the public benefit of a one year exhibition to which significant admission fees were charged is not worth the cost. The Underground is an entirely separate expenditure. The controversy and public energy expended in delving into the reasons why the Dome project failed to live up to expectations are the further hidden costs that are never recovered. However, one may also quantif y the benefits of the Dome project over the longer term. It is noteworthy that in addition to the technical / infrastructural benefits noted above, contemporary opinion of the renewed O2 entertainment facility appears to be in line with the visitor experiences measured during the Millennium celebrations. An informal survey of this public opinion is attached at Appendix One of this Report. Ten university undergraduates are not a representative sampling of the public; the fact that none of these persons was likely a taxpayer during the periods of greatest financial controversy concerning the Dome is an important factor. The poll does confirm that the O2 facilities are well regarded (Appendix One). The results noted at Appendix One are confirmed in a contemporary market study (Marketing Week, 2007). It is also observed that the concert acts booked into the O2 arena have tended to be mainstream names that have a resonance with the public. The Appendix One poll gave the venue high mar ks for the quality of the entertainers attracted to the arena; as with the financial controversies during its formative period, the poll respondents would not have followed acts such as Stevie Wonder or Elton John during the prime years of their careers. The facility will also be used to host the basketball and gymnastics competitions in the 2012 Olympic Games. The public monies expended in the Dome construction and maintenance will be recouped to a modest degree through this converted temporary use. Conclusion It may be that an important ultimate legacy of the Millennium Dome and its O2 successor has been to cement the Greenwich area as a primary London entertainment district as the next decade approaches. The public monies spent on the Dome cannot be rationalised very readily into a balance sheet analysis. The ultimate worth of the entire project will be measured by how well the government handles future mega projects, and whether the recurring lessons of accountability and the need for rigorous data supported projections are learned. Bibliography Guardian (Leader) ‘A Hollow man and an Empty Tent The Guardian (July 7, 2006) [online] At: https://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/jul/07/politics.labourAccessed August 25, 2009 Hemmington, N., Bowen, D., Wickens, E. and Paraskevas, A. Satisfying the basics: reflections from a consumer perspective of attractions management at the Millennium Dome, London International Journal of Tourism Research, 2005, 10 Hills, S, R Birks and B McKenzie ‘The Millennium Dome Watercycle experiment: to evaluate water efficiency and customer perception at a recycling scheme for 6 million visitors Water Science Technology, 2002: 46(6-7):233-40 Marketing Week ‘Pros and Cons of the O2 entertainment complex, 2007 [online] At: https://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-165797956/analysis-pros-and-cons.htmlAccessed August 25, 2009 McGuigan, James Rethinking Cultural Policy New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004 Myddleton, D. R. They Meant Well: Government Project Disasters Instit ute of Economic Affairs Monographs, Hobart Paper No. 160, 2006 [Online] At: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1021302Accessed August 25, 2009 National Audit Office ‘Winding-up the New Millennium Experience Company Limited, 2004 [online] At: https://www.nao.org.uk/whats_new/0102/0102749.aspxAccessed August 26, 2009 Nutt, Paul C. Why Decisions Fail Chicago: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2002 Roche, Maurice Mega events and modernity: Olympics and the Expos of growth in global culture London: Routledge, 2000 Sinclair, Iain Sorry Meniscus – Excursions to the Millennium Dome London: Profile Books, 1999 Appendix One An informal study of 10 London undergraduate university students concerning their impressions of the London O2 entertainment complex and arena (formerly the Millennium Dome). The study was conducted August 25, 2009. All respondents were contacted on-line by way of the ‘Facebook social media network. All respondents were between the ages of 18 and 25 years of age. Six respondents were female; four were male. All respondents had personally visited the O2 site since its renaming and launch as an entertainment venue in 2007. Each respondent was asked to place a value of between 1 and 5 (with 1 as the lowest rating and 5 the highest) for each of the following questions concerning their personal opinion sought on each element of the O2 complex. The average score for each question is shown in bold below: 1. How do you rate the ease of transportation access to O2 4.5 2. How do you rate site in terms of ease of movement / accessibility 4.5 3. How do you rate the entertainm ent and the amenities offered at the site (apart from the concerts at the O2 arena) 4.0 4. How do you rate the quality of the concerts and other shows that have been offered to date at the O2 arena 4.25 5. What is your overall impression of the O2 complex 4.2 6. Does the O2 complex add value to London 4.0 The above results are not tendered as scientifically rigorous; the poll as conducted was intended to supplement the analysis set out in the body of the paper.

The Horrors of the Holocaust Essay - 1170 Words

The Horrors of the Holocaust Eighteen million Europeans went through the Nazi concentration camps. Eleven million of them died, almost half of them at Auschwitz alone.1 Concentration camps are a revolting and embarrassing part of the world’s history. There is no doubt that concentration camps are a dark and depressing topic. Despite this, it is a subject that needs to be brought out into the open. The world needs to be educated on the tragedies of the concentration camps to prevent the reoccurrence of the Holocaust. Hitler’s camps imprisoned, tortured, and killed millions of Jews for over five years. Life in the Nazi concentration camps was full of terror and death for its individual prisoners as well as the entire Jewish†¦show more content†¦Even though these two camps had the facilities of the killing centers, execution was not their only purpose. These centers also used the Jews for labor exploitation.6 The eleven concentration camps were created to house la rge numbers of people in a limited, structured, and defined area . . . until they died or were killed.7 Although thousands of camps existed, these were the Big Nineteen. The smaller camps were attached to, allied with, or under the supervision of the Big Nineteen.8 The basic purpose of the camps was to use the Jews for labor and then kill them. There was more to it than that, however. Konnilyn G. Feig describes the purpose of the camps as follows: The system strove to develop from a primitive incarceration project to a vast unprecedented network for the suppression, containment, exploitation, and extermination of millions of people of various nationalities who were designated as enemies of the state or as members of a nonhuman or inferior population.9 Hitler thought of the Jewish population as a worthless society and treated the individuals as worthless creatures. When Hitler came to power, he established the camps for the purpose of isolation, punishing, torturing, and killing Germans suspected of opposition to his regime.10 The Germans wanted to guarantee the death of as many Jews as possible while extracting some useful labor from the doomed.11 The camps were set up technically and psychologically toShow MoreRelatedThe Horror Of The Holocaust859 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust was perhaps the darkest event in the twentieth century. This genocide resulted in the death of six million Jews -not counting the death of soldiers from World War II. Although many Jews died during the Holocaust, some survived and spoke about their struggles and experiences. Art Spiegelman, an American cartoonist, interviewed his father, Vladek Spiegelman, a Holocaust survivor. After collecting information from the interviews with his father, Spie gelman, created Maus, a comic book novelRead MoreThe Horrors Of The Holocaust1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe word Holocaust in ancient Greek means burnt offering, and the term has become common only in the mid-20th century, is really very clearly describes the horrors of the Holocaust. In the history of humanity, perhaps there will be no crime more brutal than the Holocaust (Shoah in Hebrew). The beginning of this huge tragedy was initiated January 30, 1933, when German Chancellor Adolf Hitler was elected. Less than two months later, on March 23rd, 1933, with the enactment of the Emergency PowersRead MoreThe Horrors Of The Holocaust1605 Words   |  7 PagesSpeculations about the grim events during the very horrific Holocaust are unfortunately being denied stating it was not as gruesome as many may have stated it was or did not even exist to begin with. This is not only outrageous but disrespectful to those who lost their lives during the gruesome time. History states that the Holocaust was a period in time where a very fascist dictator, Adolf Hitler, killed over six million European Jews who did not fit the criteria of genetically having blonde hairRead MoreThe Horrors of the Holocaust967 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent people floating in the wind. That is what most of the people in the holocaust witnessed as they lost their loved ones and completed countless hours of la bor. They were put through unbelievable amounts of torture and pain. Who put them through all of this? Adolf Hitler. Of course you have heard of this terrible incident in our history. But, do you really know what happened and who Hitler was? The main points of the holocaust are Hitler, his hatred towards Jews, the â€Å"superior† race and how so manyRead MoreThe Horrors of the Holocaust Essay685 Words   |  3 PagesWe remember the Holocaust, a time of horror, pain, and suffering. Approximately eleven million people were exterminated, 54.5% being Jew, and 45.5% being another kind of an Undesirable. All of this disaster was planned by Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler. Him and his men took over parts of the world to dominate and create a perfect race. Someone with blue eyes, blonde hair, and fair skin. It all started when Hitlers parents pass away when Hitler was only a young boy. By then, he had already been corruptedRead MoreThe Horrors of the Jewish Holocaust690 Words   |  3 PagesNon-Jewish and fight back or go with the flow? Being non-jewish and going with the flow would be the smart choice, if survival is the goal. In that time period being Jewish was awful. Being Jewish basically meant you were an outcast. During the Holocaust it would have been better to not be Jewish and to stay out of the way, or go with the flow. Even though being Non-Jewish and not fighting back is the easiest way to go, being Non-Jewish and fighting back is the most sincere thing to do. FightingRead MoreThe Horrors of the Jewish Holocaust530 Words   |  2 Pagesescaped. They were even luckier if they were helped out of camps by other Jewish people and brought home to their families. Now just imagine if all of the Jewish people fought back. Opposing views claim that the Jewish people during the Holocaust should not have fought back; nevertheless, fighting back would have been very dangerous. Admittedly fighting back could have caused a lot more problems for the Jewish people. Because Hitler liked everything to go his way, he may have gotten reallyRead MoreThe Horrors of Killing Centers During the Holocaust829 Words   |  4 Pageswar in the minds of German leaders (World War II in Europe). The Nazis believed the Germans were racially elite and found the Jews to be inferior to the German population. The Holocaust was the discrimination and the slaughter of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its associates (Introduction to the Holocaust). The Nazis instituted killing centers, also known as â€Å"extermination camps† or â€Å"death camps,† for being able to resourcefully take part in mass murder (Killing Centers: An Overview)Read MoreThe Horror Of The Holocaust In Spiegelmans Maus : A Survivors Tale?724 Words   |  3 Pagesnovel which portrays the horror of the Holocaust through the use of animals. The mice are the narrators, representing the oppressed Jews while the cats represent the Nazis. This story is told as a first-person narrative, explaining in depth the horrors lived by Vladek, a Polish Jew reliving his tale by sharing his story with his son, Artie. Spiegelman uses this novel to tell his own life story as a Holocaust survivor. Unlike his father, he may not have lived through the horrors the Nazis have broughtRead MoreHow Night by Elie Wiesel Helped People Connect to the Horrors of the Holocaust709 Words   |  3 PagesWords, the written language, a way to express feelings, emotions, experiences, and all that your mind can recall from life or fantasy. Although many have heard of the terrors faced by the Jews in countries that were under German control during World War II, few have stepped back and really thought about the weight of what really happe ned to the people in the concentration camps. I believe Night helped people connect to what really happened. This is an actual persons life, their story, poured out

Philosophy - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that...

Philosophy - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical Thinking can Bring? Philosophy is a general overview of how our society functions, by how we think and the many ways in which we act. It can also be described as the love of wisdom. As individuals we are introduced to ideas that test our knowledge of the different concepts of life, with questions such as who are we and why were we brought here? Philosophical questions have made an impact on us with thoughts that dont usually have an answer to the question which was brought forward, and to which neither side knows the answer to. For thousands of years mankind has questioned the origins of human life and the nature of the cosmos. Over the years, great philosophers such†¦show more content†¦Philosophy is life, without it we would not be able to ask the questions, which are associated with the whole concept of philosophy; such as, is there a God? Morally, we are brought up to believe that God truly exists through religion, but how can we be so sure? It has been said that philosophy does not have a right or wrong answer, but could it be that we as a society did not search hard enough for the answer? Can we use logic as a tool for answering philosophic questions? Each person comes into this world with a reason, a purpose for living. Each person with their reason, their purpose for living in some way inevitably impacts the world in which he or she lives in. Like an oxygen molecule colliding with the millions of other different molecules, which make up our atmosphere, so too did the humblest, fragile Mother Theresa who changed the lives of hundreds of poor, third world citizens across this globe. Behind our nurtured souls, it is our biological human nature to question and ponder our existence and surroundings. However, only when a catastrophe of some sort occurs, do we realize how precious life is. Or when your plan to become valedictorian somehow does not avail, do we turn to God and ask why? Rarely ever do we contemplate our achievements and give thanks to what we already possess. Living in a multicultural world, with many different people, religions, and philosophies, methods for achieving theShow MoreRelatedReligion, Philosophy, and Scientific Thinking Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesReligion, Philosophy, and Scientific Thinking During the seventeenth century, many philosophers formulated new ideas that would consequently change the beliefs of the common man. The thinkers of the Renaissance Period have the way 17th Century man to the current world. In short, the world viewed religion, philosophy, and science in a very different way by the end of the seventeenth century because of these great philosophers. In the early 1600s Blaise Pascal, originally from ClermontRead MorePhilosophy Reflection Paper2173 Words   |  9 PagesPHIL 102 Introduction to Philosophy was the first philosophy class I have ever taken. Before this class I had no idea what the study of philosophy truly was, even after this class I am still a little unclear. This class brought on a whole new way of thinking that I was not use to. This class challenged me to grasp even the simplest of concepts that we learned. So right now to say I am philosophically inclined would be false, but I think over time and more classes I could have a better understandingRead MoreSocrates and Properties Essay3228 Words   |  13 Pageshe knew the relevant definitions, he would be a moral expert who could answer philosophical questions about moral properties- questions such as is a certain action just? Or is it truly good for a man to be virtuous? Socrates believes that only someone that is â€Å"truly wise† would know these essent ial definitions and be able to provide such expert answers. It is important to determine whether Socrates does, in fact, accept priority of definition principle and, if he does, whether he is committed to aRead MoreMy Philosophy of Balance Essay2545 Words   |  11 PagesMy Philosophy of Balance Balance. Our world depends upon it physically, psychologically, and spiritually. This principle, although easy to overlook, is the foundation of my personal philosophy. Without balance there is no harmony, no conflict and no growth. Any productive result, any achievement, any strength is useless without it. 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From philosophical ideas different beliefs sprung, and existence of different religions followed. Every theory raised by a philosopher attracted different followers. In todays modern society aside from major religions, there are thousands of others that suggest that their explanations to universal questions are the onlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1964 Words   |  8 PagesJake Gallo Professor Underwood English 1B 4 May, 2016 Unassailable Truth in the Lottery Society can have a great effect on one’s actions and thoughts of truth. Some believe there is an idea of an unassailable truth, which is a truth that cannot be deemed false. This ideology is brought to the forefront in Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† (1948), a short story in which a small village of about 300 people stone one of their own each year as part of a cultural tradition. In this story the focus is onRead More Incorporating Tibetan Buddhism into Modern Psychotherapy Essays3913 Words   |  16 Pages(Rinpche 60). As a result of our push for new technology, more techniques and medication are evolving and being used in psychotherapy. We must, however, wonder if it is time to try something else? Despite new advancements in medication and psychology research, we are still witnessing an increase in psychology patients and it may be time to acknowledge the idea that we may not be able to solve these problems with the same mentality that created them. Fortunately, during this progressive push thereRead MoreLife and How to Live It Essay3005 Words   |  13 Pagesone is to believe such libertarian philosophers as Sartre who says that we, in short control our own destiny and have free will then how should people choose to carry out their lives? What are the guidelines one should follow in order to lead a complete and fulfilling life, and what should we look to achieve? Such questions are what the next group of philosophers look to answer as they discuss their different views on what we should do with our time here on earth. Philosophers, such as Kant, believeRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 Pagesand the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. As has been shown above, the idea

Drug use and Addiction

Question: What positive influence can this factor have? Explain. What kind of negative impact, if any, can the factor have on drug use? Explain in detail. What kind of negative impact, if any, can the factor have on drug addiction? Explain in detail. How are factors that influence drug use different from those that influence drug addiction? Explain in detail. Answer: Drug use and Addiction Introduction The condition od addiction can be considered as such a chronic situation that results in the relapse of the brain causing compulsion with regard to seeking drugs and use of drugs despite knowing the adverse consequences. The person who is addicted generally becomes more and more engrossed and destroys himself as well as people around him or her. At the initial stage, in most of the cases the decision to take drugs is voluntary by these people (Allsop, 2008). Gradually the brain modifies and over the time it so happens that self-control of the person who is addicted is slowing hampered and he or she is no more able to resist the intensive impulses to succumb to the brains insistence to take drugs. Therefore, slowly the person continues to take drugs and the brain of that person gradually adapts itself to the overpowering rushes in dopamine by the production of less dopamine or it reduces the number of dopamine receptors that is present in the reward circuit (Breckenridge, Salter Shaw, 2012). As a result of this the impact of the dopamine takes place on the reward circuit and this reduces the ability of the drug abuser to enjoy not just the feeling of taking drugs but also all the other important events that is existing in his life that brings pleasure (Henderson, 2005). Factors relating to Drug use and Addiction There does not exist one single factor that can state the reasons why a person gets addicted to drugs. The risk that is related to the addiction of drugs is generally influenced by a number of factors. These factors are related to the society, the environment, the biology and the different stages of development (Buchanan, 2004). With the increase in the number of risk factors there increases the chances of taking drugs for the individuals that leads to addiction. Here in this study the factors that have been recognized are age, gender, sex, the mental health of the person, the economic status of the person and family bond. Among all these factors the researcher has chosen two of the most vital factors which are mental health and economic status of any individual. Mental Health When dual diagnosis has been conducted it has been observed that the issues of mental health and that of drug addiction have their own unique and different symptoms and this generally get into the manner in which to carry out different function in their lives, or to handle the difficulties in life and in relation to others (Coulthard, 2002). In most cases these disorders tend to affect each other and interact as well. For instance, if mental health is not treated, the problem with substance abuse becomes worse and when abuse increases the mental health problem also increases. Some of the common mental health problems are depression that makes a person tired and unhappy, anxiety which makes a person fearful, worried and nervous, bipolar disorder that keeps changing the mood of the person sometimes making them feel happy and sometimes sad. The other problems are ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and Anti-social personality disorder (Gauffin, Vinnerljung, Fridell, Hesse Hjern, 2013). Hence it can be easily understood that these problems cannot be diagnosed very easily and it generally takes time to make out whether it actually is substance abuse or a mental disorder. Denial is one more element that complicates this issue. People are usually ashamed to admit the problem and this increases the risk associated with the problem. With regard to the use and addiction of drugs it can be observed that the positive effects are comparatively much lower when compared to the negative effects of mental health. However, there still exist some positive influences on mental health. Firstly, when drug addiction and mental health problems occur simultaneously, it becomes extremely difficult to identify the core problem (Cutcliffe Saadeh, 2013). When a person is suffering from any mental condition and his or her use of drug is hidden it so happens that as a result of the mental condition the persons drug abuse also comes to the forefront. Further a person who is mentally healthy is more likely to be less affected by the drugs. For instance, a person whose mental status is healthy and strong, it is very seldom that such person succumbs to drug abuse easily. A person with weak mental health on the other hand has high chances of resorting to drug abuse and addictions. Hence it can be construed that the mental status of any person is extremely crucial with regard to his or her use of drug abuse (Karriker-Jaffe, 2013). If a person can be kept mentally strong, there are chances that they would not resort to drug use. On the other hand, adverse mental health can have a lot of negative impact on the people who do drugs. For instance, mental illness sometimes leads to drug use. Sometimes people who are diagnosed with mental conditions such as overt or mild mental disorders or subclinical disorders tend to use drugs in order to apply self-medications (Livingstone Davis, 2012). For instance, patients who are suffering from schizophrenia generally try to use tobacco products as they believe that use o tobacco would reduce the symptoms and in turn improve cognition. Contrastingly, use of drugs also has an adverse effect on the mental health of a person. Psychoactive drugs affect the mental well being of the drug user. The common mental disorders that might arise as a result of the use of drugs are usually depression, ecstasy etc. Ecstasy can be considered as an amphetamine that makes a person hallucinate. The drug starts working when it makes serotonin available resulting in the causing of a sensation similar to euphoria. It should be noted that Serotonin is a chemical that is found in brain and its work is to regulate the mood. Ecstasy makes the brain produce even more amount of serotonin resulting in the happy feeling. The factors that influence drug use and the factors that influence are not always the same. In fact there exist a number of differences between the two elements. The use of drugs is usually not resulting from serious mental conditions. For instance drugs can be used for different reasons such for the sake of medication, resulting from any pressure from family or friends or after getting influenced from them etc. However, the addiction of drugs is a different scenario all together. The use of drug is itself a factor for the addiction to drugs. Mental health is one such condition that comes into play more in the case of drug addiction. Mental conditions such as depression, agony generally lead to the addiction for drugs. Hence it may be considered that mental health is a more serious factor with regard to drug use and drug addiction. Economic Status The second factor that the researcher has considered with regard to the use and addiction of drugs is the economic status of the individual. There are a number of economic and socio-economic factors that have a direct affect on the use and addition of drugs. The social and economic drivers for instance the income, education and social connectivity tends to influence the use and addiction to drugs. Hence improving these factors would have a positive effect on the behavior and outcomes of these individuals. For instance, people who fall into the lower category with regard to their income status do not have proper resources, access to nutritious food, appropriate housing, and healthy working conditions. These factors tend to have an influence over the individual and hence under most circumstances they resort to drugs as their way out of the problem. Along with these factors there are also other factors such as financial stress and working overtime. All these factors have a negative influence on the individuals. On the contrary, people who have adequate income and employment are generally not affected by the financial demands and hence are less likely to be prone to taking drugs. They are less dependent on the material requirements. It can also be stated that the degree to which they are able to control the circumstances around them tend to have an effect on their mental and physical well being. It is generally when these individuals are not able to control their economic status they resort to drugs (Langwith, 2007). When the economic status decrease the work pressure of individuals increase and this gives the individuals a chance to take drugs to reduce their work pressure. Also decrease in the economic status also increases their stress of the individuals and depression generally leads to taking drugs. Hence the use of drugs is enhanced by the increase in the work stress, lack of resources or social support or any connections to the community. The positive impacts of the economic status on the use and addiction of drugs are many. Although it is generally observed that the people who have lower economic status face more number of problems it is not always correct to state that the people with a lower economic status always are more inclined to take drugs (Espejo, 2002). People who are from a good economic status also are inclined to take drugs. Hence it is necessary that the economic status be stable enough to not influence the individuals to take drugs. One more thing needs to be noted and that is with regard to the economic status of an individual, this factor is more inclined to influence the use of drugs rather than the addiction to drugs. Hence it can be construed that the economic status of any individual generally initiates a person to use drugs. The addiction to drugs is comparatively less influenced by the economic status of the individual. Conclusion As concluding remarks it can be stated that the use and addiction for drugs is a preventable disease. Contemporary research on drug use and addiction has shown that a lot of preventive measures can be taken in order to reduce the substance or drug abuse and addiction amongst individuals (Flaherty Donato-Hunt, 2012). The preventive programs generally involve the families of the individuals, the schools and the communities and the media which is effective in decreasing the use and addiction of drugs. It is true that a number of events and cultural factors are present which have a lot of affect on the use of drugs and especially when the individuals realize that the drugs are harmful they decrease the intake. Hence from this discussion it can be stated that with the help of education and outreach individuals gradually understand the risks of drug abuse. References Allsop, S. (2008).Drug use and mental health. Melbourne: IP Communications. Breckenridge, J., Salter, M., Shaw, E. (2012). Use and abuse: understanding the intersections of childhood abuse, alcohol and drug use and mental health.Mental Health And Substance Use,5(4), 314-327. doi:10.1080/17523281.2012.703224 Buchanan, J. (2004). Tackling Problem Drug Use.Social Work In Mental Health,2(2-3), 117-138. doi:10.1300/j200v02n02_08 Coulthard, M. (2002).Tobacco, alcohol and drug use and mental health. London: TSO. Cutcliffe, J., Saadeh, B. (2013). Time to get serious? Psychiatric/mental health nurses and an evidence-informed drug policy for the USA.Mental Health And Substance Use,7(4), 473-486. doi:10.1080/17523281.2014.924550 Espejo, R. (2002).Drug abuse. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Flaherty, I., Donato-Hunt, C. (2012). Cultural and family contexts for help seeking among clients with cannabis, other drug and mental health issues.Mental Health And Substance Use,5(4), 328-341. doi:10.1080/17523281.2012.711768 Gauffin, K., Vinnerljung, B., Fridell, M., Hesse, M., Hjern, A. (2013). Childhood socio-economic status, school failure and drug abuse: a Swedish national cohort study.Addiction,108(8), 1441-1449. doi:10.1111/add.12169 Henderson, H. (2005).Drug abuse. New York: Facts On File. Karriker-Jaffe, K. (2013). Neighborhood socioeconomic status and substance use by U.S. adults.Drug And Alcohol Dependence,133(1), 212-221. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.033 Langwith, J. (2007).Drug abuse. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Livingstone, D., Davis, A. (2012).Drug design strategies. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry [.